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Related Concept Videos

Genetics of Speciation02:16

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.The genetics of speciation involves the different traits or isolating mechanisms preventing gene exchange, leading to reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation can be due to reproductive barriers that have effects either before or after the formation of a zygote. Pre-zygotic mechanisms prevent fertilization from occurring, and post-zygotic mechanisms...
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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Understanding Species and Reproductive Barriers

A species is a group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Typically, individuals of the same species appear similar and share common characteristics due to their highly similar genomes. However, not all organisms that look alike are members of the same species. Various mechanisms keep most species discrete. While some mechanisms prevent reproductive behavior and fertilization (pre-zygotic isolation), others prevent the production of fertile offspring after mating has...
The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.The collection of fossils within sedimentary rocks give a record of common ancestry and often depicts the history of evolution.
Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.Allopatric SpeciationIn allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like...
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.

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Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi
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Gall-induction in insects: evolutionary dead-end or speciation driver?

Nate B Hardy1, Lyn G Cook

  • 1Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Entomology, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia. nbhardy@gmail.com

BMC Evolutionary Biology
|August 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gall-inducing insects are more host-specific but do not generally diversify faster than non-gallers. Diversification depends on host range, with some galler lineages exceptionally diverse or species-poor.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • The tree of life exhibits asymmetry due to differential speciation and extinction, with niche partitioning proposed as a cause.
  • Ecological specialization's impact on diversification rates is debated: it may increase rates or elevate extinction risk for specialists.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diversification rates of gall-inducing insects compared to non-galling relatives.
  • To determine if gall-inducing insect lineages are more host-specific and if this correlates with diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Sister-taxon comparisons were used to assess host specificity in gall-inducing versus non-galling insect lineages.
  • Equal Rates Markov models and maximum likelihood model-fitting evaluated diversification rate shifts and significance.

Main Results:

  • Gall-inducing insect groups showed higher host specificity than their non-galling relatives.
  • No general significant increase in diversification rate was observed for gall-inducing insects.
  • Exceptional diversity was noted in some galler lineages (Euurina, Apiomorpha), while others were species-poor (Maskellia).

Conclusions:

  • Ecological specialization in gall-inducing insects has a complex effect on diversification rates.
  • Host range is a crucial factor: gallers with similar host ranges to non-gallers were more diverse.
  • Lineage-specific effects and varying host ranges contribute to diverse diversification patterns, defying a single explanatory model.