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ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...

Primary Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they...

Primary Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would not...

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...

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Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution

Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution

Published on: August 16, 2016

ATP-modulated ionic transport through synthetic nanochannels.

Mubarak Ali¹, Quoc Hung Nguyen, Reinhard Neumann

¹Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachgebiet Materialanalytik, Petersenstr. 23, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. m.ali@gsi.de

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|August 26, 2010

Summary

Researchers developed an anion-controlled molecular gate using synthetic ion channels. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) addition effectively closes the gate, significantly reducing ion and dye flux in nanochannels.

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Area of Science:

Nanotechnology
Supramolecular Chemistry
Electrochemistry

Background:

Synthetic ion channels are crucial for developing advanced molecular devices.
Controlling ion transport at the nanoscale is essential for applications in sensing and separation.
Polyethyleneimine modification offers a route to functionalize nanochannel surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate an anion-controlled molecular gate using modified synthetic ion channels.
To investigate the effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on ion flux in nanochannels.
To validate the gating mechanism using different nanochannel geometries.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of single conical nanochannels and nanoporous membranes.
Modification of synthetic ion channels with polyethyleneimine.
Measurement of ion flux and charged dye transport under varying ATP concentrations.

Main Results:

Addition of ATP caused a significant decrease in rectified ion flux in single conical nanochannels, indicating gate closure.
Co-addition of ATP diminished the flux of the charged dye NDS(2-) through cylindrical nanochannel arrays.
The results confirm ATP's role in modulating ion and molecule transport.

Conclusions:

Anion-controlled molecular gating is achievable using polyethyleneimine-modified synthetic ion channels.
ATP acts as an effective trigger for closing the molecular gate.
This system shows potential for selective ion and molecule transport control at the nanoscale.