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The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

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Computerized visuo-spatial memory test as a supplementary screening test for dementia.

Yohko Maki¹, Hiroshi Yoshida, Haruyasu Yamaguchi

¹Gunma University School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan.

Psychogeriatrics : the Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society

|August 27, 2010

Summary

A new computer-aided visuo-spatial memory (VSM) test effectively differentiates between normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and mild dementia. This brief VSM screening tool aids in early dementia detection for an aging population.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Gerontology
Medical Technology

Background:

Effective dementia screening is crucial for a super-aging society.
Deterioration in memory is an early sign of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Current dementia screening tools like HDS-R and MMSE lack visuo-spatial memory (VSM) assessment, a sensitive marker for early detection.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a brief, computer-aided short-term visuo-spatial memory (VSM) test.
To assess the utility of VSM testing in differentiating cognitive statuses.

Main Methods:

A computer-aided VSM test was administered to 66 aged participants categorized by Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores (NC, MCI, CDR 1, CDR 2-3).
The VSM test involved memorizing the locations of numbered circles on a monitor and recalling them in ascending order via a touch screen.
Hasegawa Dementia Scale-revised (HDS-R) was also applied to participants with MCI and dementia.

Main Results:

VSM scores were significantly lower in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to normal controls (NC).
VSM scores decreased progressively with increasing dementia severity (MCI > CDR 1 > CDR 2-3).
A moderate significant correlation was found between VSM scores and HDS-R scores.

Conclusions:

The developed VSM test successfully identified differences in visuo-spatial memory function across normal, MCI, and mild dementia groups.
This brief VSM test shows promise as a screening tool for early dementia detection.
The VSM test software is freely available for widespread use.