Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice
Published on: March 15, 2024
Gender, genetic risk, and criminal behavior
Jamie Vaske1, John Paul Wright, Danielle Boisvert
1Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA. jvaske@email.wcu.edu
Abstract:
The threshold hypothesis asserts that the prevalence of offending is lower among females because females have a higher threshold for risk than males. As a result, females who do offend should exhibit greater concentrations of genetic and environmental risk than male offenders. In light of these statements, the current study examines the role of genetic factors in the etiology of female offending using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The results reveal that the genetic risk threshold is higher for females than for males. However, contrary to the threshold hypothesis, female offenders exhibit fewer genetic risks than male offenders.
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