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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
10:10

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

Published on: March 31, 2019

Maintenance of Hox gene expression patterns.

Samantha Beck1, Floria Faradji, Hugh Brock

  • 1Molecular Epigenetics Group, Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Polycomb-group (PcG) and trithorax-group (trxG) proteins maintain gene expression patterns. These maintenance proteins, along with Enhancers of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) proteins, are crucial for gene regulation and cellular processes.

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Generation, Maintenance, and Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal and Colonic Organoids
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Generation, Maintenance, and Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal and Colonic Organoids

Published on: July 9, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
10:10

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

Published on: March 31, 2019

Generation, Maintenance, and Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal and Colonic Organoids
08:13

Generation, Maintenance, and Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal and Colonic Organoids

Published on: July 9, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Homeotic genes (Hox) establish body patterns, and their expression must be precisely maintained.
  • Polycomb-group (PcG) and trithorax-group (trxG) proteins are key regulators of Hox gene expression.
  • A third class, Enhancers of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) proteins, also plays a role in maintaining gene expression states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the genetics and molecular biology of PcG, trxG, and ETP proteins.
  • To examine the recruitment mechanisms of maintenance proteins (MPs) to DNA.
  • To discuss the roles of these proteins in transcriptional regulation, epigenetic maintenance, DNA replication, and stem cell renewal.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on PcG, trxG, and ETP proteins.
  • Analysis of genetic and molecular mechanisms governing gene expression maintenance.
  • Examination of epigenetic marks associated with stable gene expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • PcG and trxG proteins act as maintenance proteins (MPs) to preserve established Hox gene expression patterns.
  • ETP proteins are essential for both the silencing and activation maintenance of Hox genes.
  • MPs are recruited to specific DNA elements (MEs) to regulate transcription and establish epigenetic memory.

Conclusions:

  • PcG, trxG, and ETP proteins are integral to maintaining cellular identity and developmental programs.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms mediated by these proteins are critical for stable gene expression.
  • PcG proteins have additional vital functions in DNA replication and stem cell maintenance.