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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...

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An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
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Vitamin D insufficiency and diabetes risks.

Barbara J Boucher1

  • 1Centre for Diabetes, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Newart Street, London, E1 2AT, UK. bboucher@doctors.org.uk

Current Drug Targets
|August 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin D deficiency is linked to type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Further research is needed to confirm if adequate vitamin D levels can reduce diabetes risk and complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a growing global epidemic characterized by hyperglycemia.
  • Complications of diabetes impose significant burdens on individuals and healthcare systems.
  • Vitamin D, essential for calcium absorption, may play a role in insulin secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the accumulating evidence linking vitamin D deficiency (hypovitaminosis D) to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome.
  • To explore potential mechanisms by which hypovitaminosis D may contribute to diabetes development and progression.
  • To identify key unanswered questions regarding the role of vitamin D supplementation in diabetes prevention and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of data spanning approximately 40 years.
  • Examination of known biological mechanisms linking vitamin D to glucose metabolism and insulin function.
  • Identification of ongoing and planned randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Main Results:

  • Significant data associate hypovitaminosis D with hyperglycemia, T2DM, and metabolic syndrome.
  • Potential mechanisms include increased insulin resistance, reduced insulin secretion, and autoimmune/inflammatory damage to pancreatic islets.
  • Major questions remain about the efficacy of increasing vitamin D status to prevent diabetes and its complications.

Conclusions:

  • Adequate vitamin D status is crucial and may be a modifiable factor in diabetes prevention and management.
  • If causality is confirmed by RCTs, population-level strategies like food fortification or supplementation could be cost-effective.
  • Further research is needed on the safety and efficacy of different vitamin D analogues for public health interventions.