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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
05:50

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

Published on: March 12, 2020

Pentoxifylline in preterm neonates: a systematic review.

Emma Harris1, Sven M Schulzke, Sanjay K Patole

  • 1King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

Paediatric Drugs
|August 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Pentoxifylline shows promise in reducing mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates suffering from sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and chronic lung disease (CLD). Further research is needed to confirm its efficacy and safety in these critical conditions.

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Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
06:27

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Published on: December 31, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
05:50

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

Published on: March 12, 2020

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
06:27

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Published on: December 31, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and chronic lung disease (CLD) pose significant risks to preterm neonates, leading to mortality, morbidity, and long-term neurodevelopmental issues.
  • Current treatments are insufficient, highlighting the urgent need for safe and effective preventative and therapeutic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the potential benefits of pentoxifylline in preterm neonates with sepsis, NEC, and CLD.
  • To explore pentoxifylline's efficacy in other neonatal conditions like meconium aspiration syndrome and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of pilot randomized trials and observational studies on pentoxifylline use in preterm neonates.
  • Analysis of experimental studies investigating pentoxifylline's effects on inflammatory pathways and microcirculation.

Main Results:

  • Pentoxifylline, a non-steroidal immunomodulating agent, demonstrates potential in reducing mortality and/or morbidity in preterm neonates with sepsis, NEC, and CLD.
  • Its anti-inflammatory properties, hemorrheologic effects, and favorable safety profile in neonates suggest therapeutic benefits.
  • Experimental data indicate potential utility in meconium aspiration syndrome and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Conclusions:

  • Pentoxifylline warrants urgent evaluation in large randomized controlled trials as a preventative and therapeutic agent for sepsis, NEC, and CLD in preterm neonates.
  • Further research is necessary to establish its safety and efficacy in other critical neonatal conditions.