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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles
10:12

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Published on: January 7, 2019

A competitive aggregation model for flash nanoprecipitation.

Janine Chungyin Cheng1, R D Vigil, R O Fox

  • 1Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011-2230, USA.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|August 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP) produces functional nanoparticles using amphiphilic block copolymers. The process is mixing-limited, with copolymer aggregation controlling particle size distribution.

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Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation
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Microembossing: A Convenient Process for Fabricating Microchannels on Nanocellulose Paper-Based Microfluidics
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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles
10:12

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Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation
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Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation

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Microembossing: A Convenient Process for Fabricating Microchannels on Nanocellulose Paper-Based Microfluidics
03:58

Microembossing: A Convenient Process for Fabricating Microchannels on Nanocellulose Paper-Based Microfluidics

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP) is a method for creating functional nanoparticles.
  • Amphiphilic block copolymers stabilize these nanoparticles during co-precipitation.
  • Controlling particle size distribution (PSD) is crucial for nanoparticle functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the co-precipitation process in FNP using a bivariate population balance equation (PBE).
  • To identify key aggregation events and their impact on nanoparticle formation.
  • To understand the factors controlling particle size distribution in FNP.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a bivariate population balance equation (PBE) for competitive aggregation.
  • Derivation of aggregation rate kernels for free coupling, unimer insertion, and aggregate fusion.
  • Numerical solution of the PBE using direct integration and the conditional quadrature method of moments (CQMOM).

Main Results:

  • The PBE model demonstrates that copolymer-copolymer aggregation primarily controls the PSD.
  • The energy barrier to aggregate fusion is a critical factor in determining the final PSD.
  • Aggregation times are shorter than turbulent mixing times, indicating the FNP process is mixing-limited.

Conclusions:

  • The FNP process is kinetically controlled and mixing-limited.
  • Copolymer characteristics, particularly the fusion energy barrier, are key to achieving narrow PSDs.
  • The developed PBE model provides insights into nanoparticle formation mechanisms in FNP.