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Related Concept Videos

Channel Rhodopsins01:11

Channel Rhodopsins

Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
Rhodopsins belong to the family of cell surface proteins called G-protein coupled receptors,...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light02:00

Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light

Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

Photoreceptor cells constitutively express functional TLR4.

Zhidan Tu1, Jose-Andres C Portillo, Scott Howell

  • 1Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, USA.

Journal of Neuroimmunology
|August 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is present on photoreceptor cells in the retina. This finding suggests TLR4 may play a role in retinal inflammation and photoreceptor cell survival.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is known to be expressed on various cells, including neurons.
  • Its presence and function on retinal photoreceptor cells remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and functionality of TLR4 in photoreceptor cells.
  • To determine if TLR4 activation impacts photoreceptor cell survival and contributes to retinal diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Primary photoreceptor cells and the 661W photoreceptor cell line were utilized.
  • Functional assays were performed to assess TLR4 activity, including stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Main Results:

  • Functional TLR4 was found to be constitutively expressed on photoreceptor cells.
  • Photoreceptor TLR4 demonstrated responsiveness to LPS activation.

Conclusions:

  • Photoreceptor cells express functional TLR4, indicating a direct role in retinal inflammatory processes.
  • TLR4 on photoreceptor cells may influence both retinal disease pathogenesis and cell survival.