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Related Concept Videos

Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Oral Cavity01:11

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
07:26

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

[Dent's disease].

Snezana Pavićević, Radovan Bogdanović, Michael Ludwig

    Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo
    |September 1, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Dent disease, a rare X-linked tubulopathy, is caused by CLCN5 gene mutations. Early diagnosis through genetic testing is crucial for managing progressive kidney damage.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Genetics
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Dent disease is a rare X-linked recessive proximal tubulopathy.
    • It results from mutations in the CLCN5 gene, leading to low molecular weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and progressive renal failure.

    Observation:

    • A 7-year-old boy presented with nephrocalcinosis identified via ultrasound.
    • Clinical findings included proteinuria, elevated Beta 2 microglobulin, microscopic haematuria, hypercalciuria, and decreased tubular phosphate reabsorption.
    • Genetic analysis revealed an S244L substitution in the CLCN5 gene, confirming Dent disease.

    Findings:

    • The patient's mother was a carrier of the CLCN5 mutation but exhibited a normal phenotype.
    • This case highlights the genetic basis and variable expressivity of Dent disease.

    Implications:

    • Definitive diagnosis of Dent disease requires genetic mutation analysis of the CLCN5 gene.
    • Early identification and genetic counseling are vital for patients and families affected by this condition.