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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Versatile CO₂ Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

Simultaneous two-hydrogen transfer as a mechanism for efficient CO(2) reduction.

Paul M Zimmerman¹, Zhiyong Zhang, Charles B Musgrave

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Inorganic Chemistry

|September 1, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Simultaneous two-hydrogen transfer offers an efficient pathway for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to methanol. This mechanism avoids high-energy intermediates and stabilizes transition states, suggesting new catalytic strategies.

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Area of Science:

Computational chemistry
Catalysis
Green chemistry

Background:

Selective reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to methanol is crucial for sustainable energy.
Existing reduction mechanisms often involve high-energy intermediates or complex pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate two-hydrogen transfer as an efficient mechanism for CO2 reduction to methanol.
To explore the role of ammonia-borane (AB) in facilitating this process.

Main Methods:

High-level ab initio CCSD(T) coupled-cluster theory simulations.
Analysis of transition state structures and energy profiles.

Main Results:

Ammonia-borane (AB) effectively demonstrates simultaneous protic and hydridic hydrogen transfer.
The two-hydrogen transfer mechanism is kinetically efficient by avoiding high-energy intermediates.
Stabilization of transition states is achieved through complementary charge polarities.

Conclusions:

The reduction of CO2 to methanol can effectively proceed through three sequential two-hydrogen transfer steps.
Development of catalysts that exploit two-hydrogen transfer, without relying on ammonia-borane, is recommended.