Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior

Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
First Impression01:09

First Impression

First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...
Serial Position Effect01:03

Serial Position Effect

The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic01:25

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the $2,000...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The primed Stroop is not a Stroop task: Evidence from delta plots.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same author

Meaning composition in the processing of transposed-constituent compound nonwords.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2025
Same author

Priming the distractor can eliminate the Stroop interference effect.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2024
Same author

Taboo language across the globe: A multi-lab study.

Behavior research methods·2024
Same author

Mirror letter priming is rightward-biased but not inhibitory: Little evidence for a mirror suppression mechanism in the recognition of mirror letters.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2023
Same author

Diacritic priming in novice readers of diacritics.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2023
Same journal

Testing the predictions of a distinctiveness model of memory: The production effect in backward recall.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

On the impact of adjacency on transposed-word effects under serial presentation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

It's time to opt out: Metacognitive analysis of time regulation under uncertainty.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

The role of statistical learning in attentional guidance during search through naturalistic scenes.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Representing objects and features in long-term memory: A case for direct feature-feature binding.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Crossmodal correspondences influence adaptation during rule-based category learning of objects.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm
12:12

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Published on: May 14, 2014

Priming by NUMB3R5 does not involve top-down feedback.

Sachiko Kinoshita1, Stephanie Lagoutaris

  • 1Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science and Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia. sachiko.kinoshita@mq.edu.au

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|September 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigates "leet" priming effects in visual perception. Researchers found that the asymmetry in priming between letter and digit strings is not due to top-down feedback but rather orthotactic knowledge and Bayesian reader models.

More Related Videos

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
11:47

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Published on: February 15, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm
12:12

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Published on: May 14, 2014

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
11:47

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Published on: February 15, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Previous research indicated asymmetric "leet" priming (digits priming letters, not vice-versa) attributed to top-down feedback in letter strings.
  • The "leet" phenomenon involves characters resembling each other (e.g., 1=I, 4=A).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the asymmetry in leet priming between letter and digit strings.
  • To investigate the role of string length and orthotactic legality in leet priming.
  • To propose an alternative explanation for the observed priming asymmetry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a same-different task to assess priming effects.
  • Manipulated string length (3, 4, and 6 items) and orthotactic legality of letter strings.
  • Compared priming for digit strings, pseudowords, and orthotactically illegal letter strings.

Main Results:

  • Single letters exhibited priming effects comparable to 3-letter words.
  • Leet priming was robust for both digit strings and pseudowords at 4 items, but not at 6 items.
  • Orthotactically illegal 6-item letter strings behaved similarly to digit strings in priming.

Conclusions:

  • The asymmetry in leet priming is not explained by selective top-down feedback for letter strings.
  • Findings support an alternative explanation based on the Bayesian reader model and orthotactic knowledge.
  • Orthotactic knowledge influences visual working memory capacity in same-different tasks.