Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
Published on: June 14, 2019
Normative multitrial recall performance, metacognitive judgments, and retrieval latencies for Lithuanian-English
Phillip J Grimaldi1, Mary A Pyc, Katherine A Rawson
1Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA. pgrimald@purdue.edu
Abstract:
Memory researchers using paired associates have benefited greatly from the Swahili-English norms reported by Nelson and Dunlosky (1994). Given recent increases in the amount and kinds of research using paired associates, however, researchers would now benefit from an expanded set of normative measures for foreign language vocabulary words. We report data for 120 Lithuanian-English word pairs collected from 236 undergraduates. Participants completed three study-test trials and were asked to make metacognitive judgments for each item. We report normative recall performance, recall latencies, and error types for each item across trials, as well as the perceived difficulty of each item on the basis of metacognitive judgments.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Language and Cognition
Retrieval
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...

