Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

CD2 targeted nanoparticles containing IL-2 mimic fetal-maternal tolerance of pregnancy by inducing synergistic TGF-β-producing NK cells and Tregs.

Frontiers in immunology·2025

Same author

Editorial: Cholesterol, inflammation and immunity.

Frontiers in immunology·2025

Same author

CD2-targeted nanoparticles encapsulating IL-2 induce tolerogenic Tregs and TGF-β-producing NK cells that stabilize Tregs for long-term therapeutic efficacy in immune-mediated disorders.

Frontiers in immunology·2025

Same author

B cell immunometabolism in health and disease.

Nature immunology·2025

Same author

MIP-C: A new autoimmune rheumatic disease concomitant with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rheumatology and immunology research·2024

Same author

CAR immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases: promises and challenges.

Frontiers in immunology·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Promoting 3-D Aggregation of FACS Purified Thymic Epithelial Cells with EAK 16-II/EAKIIH6 Self-assembling Hydrogel

Promoting 3-D Aggregation of FACS Purified Thymic Epithelial Cells with EAK 16-II/EAKIIH6 Self-assembling Hydrogel

Published on: June 27, 2016

Modulation of autoimmunity with artificial peptides.

Antonio La Cava¹

¹Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. alacava@mednet.ucla.edu

Autoimmunity Reviews

|September 3, 2010

Summary

Synthetic artificial peptides offer a novel approach to restore immune tolerance by interfering with autoimmune responses. This review explores their rationale, mechanisms, and applications in preclinical and clinical settings for autoimmune diseases.

More Related Videos

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Promoting 3-D Aggregation of FACS Purified Thymic Epithelial Cells with EAK 16-II/EAKIIH6 Self-assembling Hydrogel

Promoting 3-D Aggregation of FACS Purified Thymic Epithelial Cells with EAK 16-II/EAKIIH6 Self-assembling Hydrogel

Published on: June 27, 2016

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Peptide Therapeutics
Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

Loss of immune tolerance to self antigens drives autoimmune responses.
Autoimmunity involves complex cellular interactions and self peptides.
Existing treatments for autoimmune diseases have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the rationale and mechanisms of artificial peptides in autoimmunity.
To provide examples of artificial peptide applications in preclinical and clinical studies.
To highlight the potential of artificial peptides for restoring immune tolerance.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on artificial peptides in autoimmunity.
Analysis of mechanisms by which artificial peptides modulate immune responses.
Compilation of case studies and clinical trial data.

Main Results:

Artificial peptides can interfere with or compete against self peptides.
These peptides modulate cellular interactions driving autoimmune processes.
Successful preclinical and clinical applications demonstrate therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

Artificial peptides represent a promising strategy for treating autoimmune diseases.
Their targeted mechanism offers a way to restore immune tolerance.
Further research and clinical development are warranted.