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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

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Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

Published on: April 1, 2019

Blunt cerebrovascular trauma.

Clay Cothren Burlew¹, Walter L Biffl

¹Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80204, USA. clay.cothren@dhha.org

Current Opinion in Critical Care

|September 3, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Screening for blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) in high-risk trauma patients using computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is recommended. Prompt antithrombotic therapy significantly reduces stroke incidence in diagnosed BCVI.

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Intravital Imaging of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Mice with a Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Window Using a Two-Photon Microscope

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Published on: April 21, 2023

Area of Science:

Trauma Surgery
Vascular Surgery
Neurology

Background:

Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) are rare but serious, with stroke rates up to 50%.
Management strategies for BCVI have evolved significantly over the last decade.
Early recognition and treatment are crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the rationale for screening BCVI in blunt trauma.
To discuss current imaging modalities for BCVI detection.
To evaluate available treatment options for BCVI.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on BCVI screening and management.
Focus on multidetector-row computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for diagnosis.
Analysis of antithrombotic therapy regimens.

Main Results:

No prospective randomized trials exist for BCVI management.
Screening high-risk patients via CTA is supported by available studies.
Anticoagulation or antiplatelet agents reduce BCVI-related stroke rates.

Conclusions:

Cerebrovascular injuries (CVI) are diagnosed in approximately 1% of blunt trauma cases.
Screening should be based on trauma mechanism and injury patterns.
Early antithrombotic therapy in identified cases lowers stroke incidence.