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Related Concept Videos

Behaviorism01:28

Behaviorism

The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
The core premise of behaviorism is its focus on observable behavior rather than internal thoughts or feelings. This approach argues that true scientific...
Law of Effect01:06

Law of Effect

B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behavioral psychology, introduced operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior. This theory builds upon the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike, which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated. In contrast, those followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.
Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle boxes...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
Behavior Modification01:21

Behavior Modification

Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
A real-world application of operant conditioning principles is applied...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Employing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Resource Limited Environment to Establish Brain-Behavior Relationships
06:05

Employing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Resource Limited Environment to Establish Brain-Behavior Relationships

Published on: April 20, 2022

Teaching brain-behavior relations economically with stimulus equivalence technology.

Daniel M Fienup1, Daniel P Covey, Thomas S Critchfield

  • 1Illinois State University, USA. daniel.fienup@qc.cuny.edu

Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
|September 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Equivalence-based instruction teaches skills not directly presented, improving learning efficiency. This method helped college students master over twice the facts taught about brain anatomy and function.

Keywords:
college studentsneuroanatomyprogrammed instructionstimulus equivalence

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Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

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Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Published on: October 22, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience Education

Background:

  • Instructional interventions can enhance learning efficiency.
  • Stimulus equivalence offers a framework for acquiring untaught skills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of equivalence-based instruction (EBI) for teaching complex academic topics.
  • To assess EBI's potential in reducing learning investment for advanced subjects.

Main Methods:

  • College students received EBI on brain anatomy and function.
  • Two stimulus classes were created with a common member, facilitating emergent relations.
  • Learners acquired skills not directly instructed.

Main Results:

  • Students mastered more than double the number of facts explicitly taught.
  • The merging of stimulus classes led to increased emergent relations.
  • EBI demonstrated significant learning gains.

Conclusions:

  • Equivalence-based instruction is an efficient method for mastering academic content.
  • EBI can reduce the required student investment for complex topics.
  • This approach has broad implications for educational strategies.