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Updated: Jun 9, 2026
Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
Published on: November 21, 2017
Infrared surface temperature monitoring in the postoperative management of free tissue transfers
Paul Papillion1, Lesley Wong, Jimmy Waldrop
1Department of General Surgery;
Background:
Early identification of failing free flaps may allow for potential intervention and flap salvage. The predictive ability of flap temperature monitoring has been previously questioned. The present study investigated the ability of an infrared surface temperature monitoring device to detect trends in flap temperature and correlation with anastomotic thrombosis and flap failure.
Methods:
Postoperative measurement of surface temperature was obtained in 47 microvascular free flaps. Differences in temperature between survival and failure groups were evaluated for statistical significance using Student's t test (P<0.05). In addition, a single variable analysis was performed on 30 different flap characteristics to evaluate their prediction of flap failure.
Results:
In total, eight flaps failed. Five of these were re-explored, of which one was salvaged. The three other flaps died a progressive death secondary to presumed thrombosis of the microcirculation despite adequate Doppler signals. Temperatures of the flap failure group during the last 24 h yielded a mean difference of 2 degrees C (3.56 degrees F) compared with surviving flaps (P<0.05). The temperature of the failing flaps began to decline at the eighth postoperative hour. Single variable analysis identified prior radiation to be a predictor of flap failure.
Conclusions:
A surface temperature measurement device provides reproducible digital readings without physical contact with the flap. Technical difficulties encountered in previous research with implantable or surface contact temperature probes are obviated with this noncontact technique. Flap temperature monitoring revealed a trend in temperature that correlates with anastomotic thrombosis and eventual flap failure.
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