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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Determining Intestinal Permeability Using Lucifer Yellow in an Apical-Out Enteroid Model
Published on: July 27, 2022
A model for calcium permeation into small intestine.
Barbara Dolinska1, Agnieszka Mikulska, Artur Caban
1Pharmaceutical Research and Production Plant, Biochefa, Kasztanowa 3, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland. b.dolinska@biochefa.pl
Calcium salt intestinal permeation varies by type, concentration, and pH. Calcium carbonate and citrate are best for high acidity, while fumarate and gluconate suit low acidity.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery
- Gastrointestinal Physiology
- Mineral Metabolism
Background:
- Calcium is essential for numerous physiological processes.
- Dietary calcium absorption is influenced by its chemical form and gastrointestinal conditions.
- Understanding calcium salt intestinal permeation is crucial for optimizing supplementation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the in vitro intestinal permeation of different calcium salts.
- To determine the impact of calcium salt type, concentration, and pH on permeation.
- To identify optimal calcium salt formulations based on simulated gastric acidity.
Main Methods:
- Utilized an in vitro model simulating intestinal conditions.
- Tested four calcium salts: carbonate, fumarate, citrate, and gluconate.
- Varied calcium concentrations (1.0-10.0 mM/L) and pH levels (1.3-7.5).
- Measured percent permeation, rate, and half-time using pig intestinal segments.
Main Results:
- Maximum calcium permeation occurred at 1 mM concentration across all salts.
- Calcium carbonate showed highest permeation (100%) at pH 1.3.
- Calcium fumarate (82% at pH 6.2), citrate (79.5% at pH 4.2), and gluconate (81% at pH 7.4) also demonstrated significant permeation.
- Permeation rates and half-times varied significantly with salt type and pH.
Conclusions:
- Calcium salt intestinal absorption is highly dependent on pH and salt form.
- Calcium carbonate and citrate are recommended for individuals with normal to high gastric acidity.
- Calcium fumarate and gluconate are suggested for those with hypoacidity.
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