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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
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Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model
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Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

Published on: September 4, 2017

Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations.

Bradley A Gross1, Rose Du, A John Popp

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. bgross1@partners.org

Neurosurgical Focus
|September 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations (CMs) are increasingly reported. A review of 352 patients highlights their epidemiology, natural history, and surgical outcomes, aiding clinical decision-making for these challenging vascular lesions.

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Vascular Malformations

Background:

  • Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations (CMs), once rare, are now increasingly documented in medical literature.
  • Recent case series and natural history reports necessitate a consolidated understanding of these lesions.

Observation:

  • A review of 352 patients across 27 publications revealed a mean age of 42 years at presentation, with no sex predilection.
  • The majority of CMs were located in the thoracic spine (57%), followed by the cervical spine (38%).
  • Common presenting symptoms included motor deficits (63%), sensory deficits (65%), pain (27%), and bowel/bladder dysfunction (11%), with progressive presentation (54%) being most frequent.

Findings:

  • The annual hemorrhage rate was calculated at 2.5% over 2571 patient-years for 92 followed patients.
  • Surgical intervention across 24 series achieved a 91% complete resection rate, with transient morbidity in 36% of cases.
  • Long-term follow-up showed improvement in 61% of patients, while 27% remained unchanged and 12% worsened.

Implications:

  • This comprehensive data review provides crucial insights for managing spinal cord cavernous malformations.
  • The findings support the development of a management algorithm to guide clinical decision-making for these complex vascular lesions.
  • Understanding the natural history and surgical outcomes is vital for optimizing patient care and treatment strategies.