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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
07:10

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Distal biceps tendon injuries.

Ryan G Miyamoto1, Florian Elser, Peter J Millett

  • 1Steadman Phillipon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
|September 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing distal biceps tendon ruptures involves the hook test and MRI. Surgical repair outcomes differ between single and two-incision methods, with varying complication risks and fixation techniques offering distinct advantages.

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Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears
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Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: January 23, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Musculoskeletal Imaging

Background:

  • Distal biceps tendon ruptures cause tearing sensations, pain, and weakness.
  • The hook test is a reliable diagnostic tool.
  • MRI assesses tendon integrity and degeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare outcomes of single versus two-incision surgical repairs for distal biceps tendon ruptures.
  • To review complication profiles associated with different surgical techniques.
  • To evaluate various tendon fixation methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic methods including the hook test and MRI.
  • Comparison of single and two-incision operative repair outcomes.
  • Analysis of fixation techniques: bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, and cortical fixation buttons.

Main Results:

  • Single-incision repairs have higher nerve injury rates; two-incision repairs show increased heterotopic ossification.
  • Cortical button fixation offers superior load tolerance and stiffness.
  • No definitive clinical evidence favors one fixation method over another.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical repair choice impacts complication risks and outcomes.
  • Advancements in fixation, like cortical buttons, allow for more aggressive rehabilitation.
  • Further research may clarify optimal fixation strategies.