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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Fermi Level01:18

Fermi Level

1.5K
The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...
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States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

14.4K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
14.4K
Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

600
The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
600
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

19.5K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Heavy fermions and quantum phase transitions.

Qimiao Si1, Frank Steglich

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. qmsi@rice.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explore quantum phase transitions in heavy-fermion compounds, revealing new quantum critical points and phases. This research offers fresh insights into the electronic and magnetic properties of these complex metals.

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Quantum phase transitions occur in many-body systems due to competing interactions.
  • Continuous quantum phase transitions (quantum critical points) have been identified in antiferromagnetic heavy-fermion compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in quantum phase transitions within heavy-fermion systems.
  • To discuss the interplay of effects leading to new quantum critical points and phases.
  • To explore the insights quantum criticality provides into heavy-fermion metal properties.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and experimental findings.
  • Analysis of theoretical models describing many-body interactions.
  • Identification of trends and patterns in quantum critical phenomena.

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Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

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Last Updated: Jan 2, 2026

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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

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Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
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Main Results:

  • Discovery of new classes of quantum critical points.
  • Uncovering of novel quantum phases in heavy-fermion compounds.
  • Enhanced understanding of electronic, magnetic, and superconducting properties.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum criticality is a key phenomenon in understanding heavy-fermion metals.
  • Further research is needed to address open issues and explore new directions.