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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Epilepsy ll: Types

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

$Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note$

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

Published on: June 13, 2016

Epilepsy surgery: recommendations for India.

P Sarat Chandra¹, Manjari Tripathi

¹Department of Neurosurgery New Delhi-110 029, India. saratpchandra@gmail.com

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology

|September 4, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Epilepsy surgery offers a successful treatment option for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in India, with success rates of 50-86% for seizure freedom. Guidelines recommend specific surgical options and center categorization for optimal patient outcomes.

Keywords:

Epilepsy surgery Level I Level II hemispherotomy lesionectomy multiple subpial transactions resective surgery

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Neurosurgery
Epileptology

Background:

Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) affects patients unresponsive to multiple anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs).
Epilepsy surgery is a viable treatment for carefully selected DRE patients.
Current evidence supports surgical interventions for improved seizure control.

Purpose of the Study:

To recommend guidelines for epilepsy surgery in India.
To review indications, surgical options, and outcomes for DRE.
To establish standards for epilepsy surgery centers.

Main Methods:

Review of current evidence on epilepsy surgery.
Analysis of indications for presurgical work-up, including imaging (MRI, EEG, PET, SPECT) and invasive monitoring.
Categorization of surgical procedures into curative (resective, functional) and palliative.

Main Results:

Epilepsy surgery success rates range from 50% to 86% for seizure freedom in indicated DRE cases.
Non-surgical management with AEDs has <5% success rate in DRE.
Presurgical work-up requires concordance between imaging and electrical mapping data.

Conclusions:

Epilepsy surgery is a well-established and effective treatment for DRE.
Guidelines are proposed for indications, surgical techniques, and presurgical evaluation.
Categorization of surgical centers into Level I and Level II is recommended for quality assurance.