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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
07:57

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

Published on: December 5, 2025

Perforator flaps in the upper extremity.

Michael Sauerbier1, Frank Unglaub

  • 1Department for Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Main-Taunus Hospitals GmbH, Academic Hospital University of Frankfurt, Kronberger Strasse 36, 65812 Bad Soden am Taunus, Germany. msauerbier@kliniken-mtk.de

Clinics in Plastic Surgery
|September 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perforator flaps offer versatile defect coverage solutions throughout the body, with specific applications detailed for the upper extremity. This review covers anatomical and technical aspects of various perforator flaps used in reconstructive surgery.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
07:57

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Published on: December 5, 2025

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor
10:56

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor

Published on: August 1, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Microsurgery

Background:

  • Perforator flaps are widely utilized for soft tissue defect reconstruction across various anatomical regions.
  • The upper extremity presents unique challenges and opportunities for reconstructive techniques due to its complex anatomy and functional demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the utility and application of perforator flaps for defect coverage in the upper extremity.
  • To detail the anatomical considerations and surgical techniques associated with specific upper extremity perforator flaps.

Main Methods:

  • This article provides a review of established perforator flap techniques relevant to upper extremity reconstruction.
  • Specific flap types discussed include lateral arm, posterior interosseous artery, ulnar artery, radial artery perforator flaps, and intrinsic hand flaps.

Main Results:

  • Perforator flaps demonstrate significant potential for successful defect coverage in the upper extremity.
  • Detailed descriptions of anatomical bases and surgical execution for various perforator flaps are presented.

Conclusions:

  • Perforator flaps represent a valuable reconstructive option for upper extremity defects, offering tailored solutions.
  • Understanding the specific anatomical and technical nuances of each flap type is crucial for optimal patient outcomes in reconstructive surgery.