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Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Quantification of Global Histone Post Translational Modifications Using Intranuclear Flow Cytometry in Isolated Mouse Brain Microglia

Quantification of Global Histone Post Translational Modifications Using Intranuclear Flow Cytometry in Isolated Mouse Brain Microglia

Published on: September 15, 2023

Reversible histone methylation regulates brain gene expression and behavior.

Jun Xu¹, Megan Andreassi

¹Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA. jun.xu@tufts.edu

Hormones and Behavior

|September 7, 2010

Summary

Epigenetic chromatin remodeling influences brain development and function. Specific X-linked genes like JARID1C and UTX may explain sex differences in brain activity and behavior.

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

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Published on: January 26, 2018

Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain

Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain

Published on: July 12, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Epigenetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Epigenetic chromatin remodeling, including histone methylation, is crucial for gene transcription, brain development, and synaptic plasticity.
Altered chromatin modifications are linked to neurological and psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and depression.
X-linked genes JARID1C and UTX, encoding histone demethylases, escape X-inactivation in females, leading to higher expression.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of X-linked histone demethylases JARID1C and UTX in sex differences in brain development and behavior.
To explore the implications of differential expression of these enzymes in neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Main Methods:

Analysis of gene expression patterns of JARID1C and UTX in female and male brains.
Review of literature linking chromatin modifications to brain disorders and sex-specific behaviors.

Main Results:

JARID1C and UTX are expressed at higher levels in females due to their X-linked origin and escape from X-inactivation.
This differential expression suggests a potential mechanism for sex-based variations in brain development and function.
Aberrant chromatin remodeling is implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Conclusions:

Higher expression of X-linked histone demethylases JARID1C and UTX in females may contribute to sex differences in brain development and behavior.
Understanding these epigenetic mechanisms is vital for addressing sex-specific risks and manifestations of neurological and psychiatric disorders.