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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
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Moving from transcriptional to phospho-evolution: generalizing regulatory evolution?

Alan M Moses1, Christian R Landry

  • 1Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|September 7, 2010
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Summary

Changes in protein regulatory networks, like protein phosphorylation, significantly drive biological diversity. Studying kinase-substrate networks can illuminate evolutionary principles across cellular regulatory layers.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Systems biology

Background:

  • Biological diversity is largely driven by alterations in regulatory networks.
  • Transcriptional regulation's evolutionary role is established, but other regulatory levels are understudied.
  • Protein phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification regulating protein function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of protein regulatory networks in generating biological diversity.
  • To explore analogies between transcriptional regulation and protein phosphorylation networks in evolution.
  • To generalize evolutionary models across different cellular regulatory layers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of evolutionary studies.
  • Analysis of recent research on protein phosphorylation evolution.
  • Comparative analysis of kinase-substrate networks and transcriptional regulatory networks.

Main Results:

  • Protein regulatory networks, particularly phosphorylation, are crucial for species diversity.
  • Similarities exist between kinase-mediated regulation and transcription factor-mediated gene regulation.
  • Evolutionary principles of transcriptional regulation can be applied to protein phosphorylation.

Conclusions:

  • Protein regulatory networks are a major source of evolutionary innovation.
  • Kinase-substrate networks offer a valuable model for understanding regulatory evolution.
  • A unified framework can be developed to study evolution across diverse regulatory mechanisms.