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Related Concept Videos

Fault Types01:18

Fault Types

When analyzing a single line-to-ground fault from phase A to ground at a three-phase bus, it is important to consider the fault impedance. This impedance is zero for a bolted fault, equal to the arc impedance for an arcing fault, and represents the total fault impedance for a transmission-line insulator flashover. To derive sequence and phase currents, fault conditions are translated from the phase domain to the sequence domain.
For line-to-line faults occurring between phases B and C, the...
Insulation Coordination01:23

Insulation Coordination

Insulation coordination is the process of matching electric equipment's insulation strength with protective device characteristics to protect the equipment against expected overvoltages. This selection is based on engineering judgment and cost. Equipment can generally withstand short-duration high transient overvoltages, but repeated tests with identical waveforms can yield inconsistent results. As a result, standard impulse voltage waveforms are used for testing, defined by specific times for...
Household Wiring And Electrical Safety01:13

Household Wiring And Electrical Safety

Companies that supply power to most modern households use three conductors, typically called a three-wire line. While one is neutral, the other two are both at 120 V but with opposite polarity, giving a voltage of 240 V between them. With a three-wire line, high-power appliances that require 240 V, such as electric stoves and clothes dryers, are linked between the two hot lines. 120 V appliances can be connected between the neutral and either of the hot lines. The neutral side, which is always...
Reclosers and Fuses01:26

Reclosers and Fuses

Automatic circuit reclosers enhance the protection of distribution circuits by interrupting and auto-reclosing an AC circuit according to a preset sequence. They effectively manage temporary faults on overhead distribution lines, often caused by tree limbs or wildlife, by briefly disrupting service to improve overall reliability. However, contact with reclosers or energized broken conductors on the ground can pose serious hazards.
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Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection01:23

Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection

A circuit breaker is a device engineered to interrupt fault currents and sometimes reclose automatically. When a fault current is detected, the breaker separates the electrical contacts, which generates an arc. This arc is extinguished by methods such as elongation, cooling, or splitting, depending on the breaker's design. Breakers are categorized based on the voltage they operate at and the medium used for arc extinction, such as air, oil, SF6 gas, or vacuum.
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Faraday's Law01:10

Faraday's Law

Faraday's law state that the induced emf is the negative change in the magnetic flux per unit of time. Any change in the magnetic field or change in the orientation of the area of the coil with respect to the magnetic field induces a voltage (emf). The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines through a given surface area. Magnetic flux is estimated from the integral of the dot product of the magnetic field vector and the area vector. The negative sign describes the direction in...

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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs
07:51

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs

Published on: August 27, 2019

Industrial accidents triggered by lightning.

Elisabetta Renni1, Elisabeth Krausmann2, Valerio Cozzani3

  • 1European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, TP 361, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Mineraria e delle Tecnologie Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|September 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lightning strikes frequently trigger major accidents at chemical facilities, often involving storage tanks and leading to hazardous material releases like oil and gasoline fires. This study analyzes accident data to improve lightning risk assessment for industrial sites.

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Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs
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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Risk Management
  • Natural Hazards

Background:

  • Natural disasters pose significant risks to chemical facilities, potentially causing hazardous material releases.
  • Lightning strikes are the leading natural cause of major industrial accidents, known as Natech (Natural hazard triggering technological) events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quantitative approach for assessing lightning-induced risks at industrial facilities.
  • To analyze historical lightning-triggered accident case histories for vulnerable equipment and failure dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Retrieved and analyzed accident case histories from major industrial accident databases.
  • Extracted data on vulnerable equipment, failure mechanisms, damage states, and consequences.
  • Focused on identifying common scenarios and released substances.

Main Results:

  • Storage tanks are the most vulnerable equipment category to lightning strikes.
  • Common failure modes include immediate ignition, electrical/electronic system failure, and structural damage leading to release.
  • Toxic releases and tank fires are the most frequent scenarios, often involving oil, diesel, and gasoline.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding lightning-induced failure dynamics is crucial for quantitative risk assessment.
  • Identifying vulnerable equipment and common release scenarios aids in mitigating lightning-related Natech events.
  • The findings support the development of targeted safety measures for chemical facilities against lightning hazards.