Errors in orthognathic surgery planning: the effect of inaccurate study model orientation

The results of orthognathic surgery may differ significantly from the planned outcome using dental models. The orientation of dental models mounted on articulators using conventional face bows does not accurately replicate the orientation of the patients' teeth and jaws, but introduces a systematic error. A mathematical analysis showed that the misalignment of the maxillary model introduces errors in the perioperative wafers, which may lead to the incorrect surgical positioning of the maxilla reported in the literature. The results of the mathematical analysis were validated by image analysis of photographs of mounted maxillary models, used to simulate five orthognathic procedures. No significant difference between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions from the mathematical equations was noted. Planning for maxillary forward and upward movement produced more advancement and only 50% of maxillary impaction. Planning for maxillary forward and downward movement produced less advancement and more inferior displacement in relation to horizontal and vertical reference planes.