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Transcription Factors

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Transcription Factors

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

General Transcription Factors

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Published on: June 28, 2018

Long-range interactions between transcription factors.

Yan Mei Wang¹, Jonas O Tegenfeldt, Jim Sturm

¹Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

|September 7, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers analyzed GFP-LacI transcription factor binding to DNA using photon bleaching. They found binding affinity decreases as more sites are occupied, suggesting a strain mechanism within the DNA helix.

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biophysics
Genetics

Background:

Understanding transcription factor binding is crucial for gene regulation.
The LacI system is a well-studied model for DNA-protein interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the binding coefficient of GFP-LacI fusion proteins to a DNA construct.
To investigate how binding site occupation affects LacI binding affinity.
To elucidate the biophysical mechanism underlying observed binding changes.

Main Methods:

Utilized photon bleaching statistics to analyze GFP-LacI binding.
Employed nanochannel imaging for construct visualization.
Integrated IGFP addition for quantitative analysis.

Main Results:

Demonstrated a decrease in the LacI binding coefficient with increasing construct occupation.
Quantified a binding coefficient of 10^-6 M at 15/256 occupied sites.
Observed binding coefficient reduction as more sites become occupied.

Conclusions:

The binding coefficient of GFP-LacI decreases as more binding sites are occupied.
A model involving elastic strain propagation within the DNA helix explains this phenomenon.
This strain effect extends beyond the DNA persistence length.