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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

Published on: September 25, 2014

Return-to-play in sport: a decision-based model.

David W Creighton¹, Ian Shrier, Rebecca Shultz

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine

|September 7, 2010

Summary

This study introduces a 3-step model to standardize return-to-play (RTP) decisions for athletes. The model clarifies health status, participation risk, and decision modification for sports medicine practitioners.

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Area of Science:

Sports Medicine
Clinical Decision-Making

Background:

Return-to-play (RTP) decisions in sports medicine lack standardized criteria, leading to variability.
Existing literature identifies components of RTP decisions but lacks a structured model for their application.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a quantitative, decision-based model for clinical use in RTP decision-making.
To provide a structured framework for sports medicine practitioners to guide RTP evaluations.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of English literature concerning RTP decision-making processes.
Development of a 3-step sequential model based on literature synthesis.

Main Results:

A 3-step model was developed: Health Status, Participation Risk, and Decision Modification.
Step 1 assesses medical factors of healing.
Step 2 evaluates participation risks, incorporating sport-specific modifiers and individual risk thresholds.
Step 3 considers decision modifiers to finalize the RTP determination.

Conclusions:

The model clarifies the conscious and subconscious processes involved in RTP decisions.
Implementation of this structured model can reduce clinical controversy and assist physicians.
The model highlights areas needing further research evidence in sports medicine practice.