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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
What is Weather?01:07

What is Weather?

Overview
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant–Environment Interactions
15:30

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant–Environment Interactions

Published on: August 5, 2020

Forecasting phenology under global warming.

Inés Ibáñez1, Richard B Primack, Abraham J Miller-Rushing

  • 1School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. iibanez@umich.edu

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|September 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Global warming is altering plant phenology, affecting spring and autumn events. This study reveals that autumn phenological changes are advancing faster than spring changes in East Asia, unlike in Europe.

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Published on: May 8, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Change Biology
  • Phenology

Background:

  • Global warming is causing shifts in plant phenology, impacting growing season lengths.
  • Understanding spatial and interspecific variation in these phenological shifts is crucial but limited.
  • Varied responses among species and within species complicate accurate forecasting of climate change impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To forecast plant phenological responses to temperature, accounting for spatial and interspecific variability.
  • To analyze long-term plant phenological data from Japan and South Korea (1953-2005).
  • To compare phenological trends in East Asia with those observed in Europe.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a long-term dataset of spring (flowering, leaf out) and autumn (leaf coloring, leaf fall) phenological events.
  • Employed hierarchical models to integrate spatial variability in phenological responses to temperature.
  • Developed forecasts for species-specific and site-specific phenological shifts under global warming.

Main Results:

  • Most species exhibited advanced spring phenology and later autumn phenology.
  • Autumn phenological events showed a more rapid rate of change compared to spring events.
  • Phenological trends in East Asia contrasted with European studies, where spring events changed more rapidly.

Conclusions:

  • Regional phenological forecasting requires multi-species, multi-site studies.
  • Autumn phenology in East Asia is more sensitive to warming temperatures than spring phenology.
  • Observed differences highlight the need for geographically specific climate change impact assessments.