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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
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IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
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Fourier-transform absorption spectroscopy in reciprocating engines.

Keith D Rein1, Scott T Sanders

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison,1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. kdrein@wisc.edu

Applied Optics
|September 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary

We adapted Fourier-transform spectroscopy for quantitative in-cylinder absorption measurements in engines. This method reveals heat transfer effects can bias engine temperature readings.

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Published on: February 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Combustion analysis
  • Spectroscopy
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) is a powerful technique for analyzing molecular spectra.
  • Previous applications of FTS in engines focused on emission spectroscopy.
  • Emission spectroscopy offers qualitative, but limited quantitative, analysis of in-cylinder gas properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt an existing in-cylinder Fourier-transform spectroscopy technique for absorption spectroscopy.
  • To enable more quantitative analysis of gas properties within a reciprocating engine.
  • To determine in-cylinder gas temperature using measured spectra.

Main Methods:

  • Adapted an in-cylinder Fourier-transform spectroscopy system for absorption mode.
  • Utilized a spark-plug-based probe for optical access within the engine cylinder.
  • Measured absorption spectra of fuel, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • Applied spectral analysis of the water portion to determine gas temperature.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured in-cylinder absorption spectra of key combustion species.
  • Quantitatively analyzed gas properties, including temperature, using absorption spectra.
  • Observed significant bias in thermometry due to heat transfer effects when using fiber-coupled probes.

Conclusions:

  • The adapted absorption spectroscopy technique provides quantitative in-cylinder gas analysis.
  • In-cylinder temperature measurements are susceptible to heat transfer biases.
  • Accurate engine thermometry requires careful consideration of probe-related heat transfer effects.