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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Optical Recording of Electrical Activity in Guinea-pig Enteric Networks using Voltage-sensitive Dyes
14:23

Optical Recording of Electrical Activity in Guinea-pig Enteric Networks using Voltage-sensitive Dyes

Published on: December 4, 2009

Optical learning neurochip with internal analog memory.

Y Nitta, J Ohta, S Tai

    Applied Optics
    |September 8, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel optical neurochip, a 3D optoelectronic circuit capable of learning and memory. The device successfully demonstrated on-chip pattern classification, paving the way for advanced neuromorphic computing.

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    Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution
    08:48

    Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

    Published on: September 5, 2012

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

    Optical Recording of Electrical Activity in Guinea-pig Enteric Networks using Voltage-sensitive Dyes
    14:23

    Optical Recording of Electrical Activity in Guinea-pig Enteric Networks using Voltage-sensitive Dyes

    Published on: December 4, 2009

    Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution
    08:48

    Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

    Published on: September 5, 2012

    Area of Science:

    • Neuromorphic Engineering
    • Optoelectronics
    • Artificial Intelligence Hardware

    Background:

    • Traditional computing faces limitations in handling complex, real-time data processing.
    • Developing hardware that mimics biological neural networks is crucial for advancing AI.
    • Existing neuromorphic solutions often lack integrated learning and long-term memory capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the first optical neurochip with integrated learning and memory functions.
    • To detail the operational principles and characteristics of this novel device.
    • To demonstrate the feasibility of on-chip learning for pattern classification using the fabricated neurochip.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a 3D optoelectronic integrated circuit comprising a light-emitting diode array and a variable-sensitivity photodetector array.
    • Utilizing variable-sensitivity photodetectors to store synaptic weights as analog detection sensitivity values.
    • Implementing a method to store both positive and negative synaptic weights within a single photodetector element by altering electrical signal polarity.
    • Conducting experiments on a 32-neuron, 32x32-synapse optical neurochip.

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of an optical neurochip with learning and memory capabilities.
    • Storage of synaptic weights with analog values in variable-sensitivity photodetectors.
    • Achieved a synaptic weight storage time of approximately 20 minutes.
    • Successful on-chip learning for pattern classification experiments.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed optical neurochip represents a significant advancement in neuromorphic hardware.
    • The device integrates learning and memory functions efficiently within a compact optoelectronic architecture.
    • The successful pattern classification experiments highlight the potential of this technology for real-world AI applications.