Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study
Published on: August 15, 2016
Effects of cogrinding with β-cyclodextrin on the solid state fentanyl
Noriko Ogawa1, Kenjirou Higashi, Hiromasa Nagase
1Department of Physical Chemistry, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan. n-ogawa@hoshi.ac.jp
Fentanyl and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) mixtures were studied. Cogrinding and humidity promote the formation of an amorphous state and hydrogen bonding, leading to a fentanyl/β-CD inclusion complex.
Area of Science:
- Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Materials Science
Background:
- Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic.
- Beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide used to improve drug solubility and stability.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the physicochemical characteristics and interactions of fentanyl and β-CD coground mixtures.
- To explore the formation of inclusion complexes between fentanyl and β-CD.
Main Methods:
- Cogrinding of fentanyl base and β-CD at 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios.
- Analysis using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD).
- Exposure of samples to high relative humidity to study interactions.
Main Results:
- Cogrinding resulted in amorphous mixtures, as indicated by DSC and PXRD.
- FTIR confirmed hydrogen bonding interactions between fentanyl and β-CD.
- Solid-state (13)C NMR and PXRD data showed the formation of a fentanyl/β-CD inclusion compound in humidified mixtures.
Conclusions:
- Cogrinding and humidity are effective methods for creating amorphous fentanyl/β-CD mixtures.
- A fentanyl/β-CD inclusion complex is formed under humid conditions, suggesting improved drug-excipient interactions.
Related Concept Videos
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

