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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Chromatin plasticity in pluripotent cells.

Shai Melcer1, Eran Meshorer

  • 1Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.

Essays in Biochemistry
|September 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess self-renewal and pluripotency due to their open chromatin structure. Differentiation leads to chromatin condensation, impacting gene regulation and cell fate.

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Chromatin dynamics

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are defined by self-renewal and pluripotency.
  • Undifferentiated ESCs exhibit a promiscuous transcriptional program.
  • Pluripotent cell chromatin is characterized by plasticity and an open architecture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss chromatin plasticity and epigenetics in ESCs.
  • To explore mechanisms regulating chromatin states during stem cell maintenance and differentiation.
  • To elucidate the secrets of pluripotency and self-renewal.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ESCs, chromatin, and epigenetics.
  • Analysis of changes in nuclear architecture and chromatin during differentiation.

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

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CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure
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CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

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CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

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  • Discussion of histone modifications and chromatin protein dynamics.

    • Main Results:

    • Pluripotent ESCs have open, plastic chromatin with active histone modifications.
    • Differentiation induces chromatin condensation, smaller heterochromatin foci, and restricted protein dynamics.
    • Changes in nuclear lamina are observed during differentiation.

    Conclusions:

    • Chromatin plasticity and epigenetic regulation are central to ESC maintenance and differentiation.
    • Understanding these mechanisms is key to unlocking pluripotency and self-renewal.
    • Dynamic changes in chromatin structure govern cell fate decisions.