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Related Concept Videos

The Mammary Glands01:12

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland
11:13

Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland

Published on: December 1, 2015

Editorial: The mammary stroma in normal development and function.

Pepper Schedin, Russell C Hovey

    Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
    |September 9, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    The mammary gland is a complex organ where epithelial cells interact dynamically with their surrounding stroma. This intricate stromal environment, including vasculature and immune cells, is crucial for mammary gland function and cancer progression.

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    Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

    Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland
    11:13

    Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland

    Published on: December 1, 2015

    Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models
    08:51

    Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models

    Published on: July 21, 2011

    Generation of Mosaic Mammary Organoids by Differential Trypsinization
    09:40

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    Published on: March 11, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • * Mammary gland biology and cancer research.
    • * Cellular and molecular biology.
    • * Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

    Background:

    • * The mammary gland microenvironment is not passive but actively influences epithelial cell behavior.
    • * Bidirectional communication between mammary epithelial cells and stromal components is essential for normal function and disease progression.
    • * Stromal elements include adipose tissue, vasculature, lymphatic system, immune cells, and extracellular matrix.

    Discussion:

    • * Adipocytes within the stroma provide modulatory signals to mammary epithelial cells.
    • * The mammary stroma supports a critical vasculature for nutrient and endocrine cue delivery.
    • * The lymphatic system interfaces with the immune system, influencing mammary gland homeostasis.

    Key Insights:

    • * The extracellular matrix provides a scaffold essential for epithelial cell growth, differentiation, and regression.
    • * All stromal components critically direct the epithelial phenotype during mammary gland development and function.
    • * Mammary epithelial cell function is tightly regulated by the complex interplay with its surrounding stromal microenvironment.

    Outlook:

    • * Future research must adopt a more integrated view of mammary epithelial cells within their complex stromal context.
    • * Development of advanced model systems is necessary to recapitulate and study this complexity.
    • * Understanding these interactions is vital for advancing mammary gland health and cancer therapies.