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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

Published on: January 31, 2025

Interventions for preventing and treating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy.

Rachel Earl¹, Caroline A Crowther, Philippa Middleton

¹Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Medical School North Building, Frome Road, Adelaide, Australia, 5005.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

|September 9, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review found no trials on treating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. More research is needed on antithyroid drugs, considering risks to both mother and child.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

Published on: January 31, 2025

Area of Science:

Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Endocrinology

Background:

Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy increases risks of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction.
Pregnant women with hyperthyroidism are also at higher risk for severe pre-eclampsia and placental abruption.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for preventing or treating hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.

Main Methods:

A systematic search was conducted on the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register up to July 28, 2010.
The intention was to include randomized controlled trials comparing antithyroid treatments in pregnant women.

Main Results:

No eligible randomized controlled trials were identified in the search.

Conclusions:

The lack of eligible trials prevents conclusions on clinical practice implications.
Challenges in designing trials for hyperthyroidism treatment in pregnancy include the condition's rarity and potential drug harms.
Further observational research is recommended on the risks of methimazole and propylthiouracil during pregnancy.