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Related Concept Videos

Parental Care00:55

Parental Care

Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice01:30

Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice

Theories play an essential role in organizing patient care. Theories refer to a proposed or followed belief, policy, or procedure that is the basis for action. Nursing theories are knowledge-based concepts that guide nurses' actions, influence nursing education and practice, and allow nurses to care for their patients.
Theories provide a perspective to assess patients' conditions and organize data and methods. They also assist in analyzing and interpreting information. They represent a...
Nursing Ethical Principles II01:27

Nursing Ethical Principles II

Ethical principles are essential in guiding nurses to fulfill their responsibilities, focusing on the quality of nursing care and decision-making. These principles, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and fidelity, shape the ethical framework within healthcare settings.
Consider the following scenario, which illustrates how these principles are applied in the care of Mr. John, a fifty-year-old teacher diagnosed with metastatic liver cancer.
Initially, Mr. John's cancer...
Nursing Ethical Principles I01:22

Nursing Ethical Principles I

Ethical principles serve as the moral compass in the longstanding tradition of nursing, guiding healthcare professionals in their interactions with patients and families. These principles, namely autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and fidelity, provide a robust framework for navigating the ethical complexities of daily nursing practice.
Autonomy
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Relationship with Parents: Attachment01:28

Relationship with Parents: Attachment

Parent-child interactions lay the foundation for how we understand relationships throughout life. These interactions are not uniform across families; instead, they are shaped by a range of environmental, emotional, and behavioral factors unique to each caregiver-child dynamic. Social psychologists study these early relationships to understand how patterns formed in infancy influence social functioning and interpersonal behavior in adulthood.Attachment Theory and Early Relational ModelsJohn...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Published on: September 22, 2023

Encouraging breastfeeding: A relational perspective.

Fiona Dykes1, Renée Flacking

  • 1University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK. FCDykes@uclan.ac.uk

Early Human Development
|September 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is recommended by the World Health Organization, but not the global norm. This paper highlights the crucial role of relationships in supporting breastfeeding practices at all levels.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sociology
  • Maternal and Child Health

Background:

  • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months, continuing for up to two years or beyond.
  • Global breastfeeding patterns deviate significantly from these recommendations.
  • Breastfeeding perception is influenced by cultural values and individual negotiation, not just biological mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the central role of relationships in promoting breastfeeding.
  • To shift the conceptualization of breastfeeding away from a purely nutritional or productive process.
  • To identify key levels where support for breastfeeding can be enhanced.

Main Methods:

  • This paper presents a conceptual argument.
  • It analyzes the socio-cultural factors influencing breastfeeding perceptions.

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  • It emphasizes a relational approach to understanding and supporting breastfeeding.
  • Main Results:

    • Relationships are identified as central to encouraging breastfeeding at organizational, family, and staff-parent levels.
    • Shifting focus from nutrition de-emphasizes breastfeeding as a potentially problematic, productive process.
    • A relational framework offers a more supportive understanding of breastfeeding.

    Conclusions:

    • Supporting breastfeeding requires a focus on relationships at multiple levels.
    • Viewing breastfeeding through a relational lens can reduce pressure and perceived failure.
    • This approach aligns with public health goals for improved infant and maternal outcomes.