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Related Concept Videos

Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
Chunking01:12

Chunking

Chunking is a powerful cognitive technique that improves short-term memory retention by organizing information into smaller, more manageable units. The brain, limited by working memory capacity, can more easily process and store information when it is divided into "chunks" rather than presented as discrete, unrelated elements. Chunking is especially useful when dealing with large amounts of information, such as numerical sequences, words, or complex ideas.
The principle behind chunking is...
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task
10:39

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Offline improvement during motor sequence learning is not restricted to developing motor chunks.

D L Wright1, J-H Rhee, A Vaculin

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA. d-wright@hlkn.tamu.edu

Journal of Motor Behavior
|September 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Offline gains in procedural learning occur through enhancement consolidation. More practice can lead to improvements not solely due to memory consolidation but also other memory operations.

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Motor Learning
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Offline performance gains in procedural learning are attributed to enhancement consolidation.
  • Enhancement consolidation transforms memory for resistance to forgetting and superior task execution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess how increasing within-session practice affects offline performance gains.
  • To investigate the relationship between practice extent and memory consolidation processes.

Main Methods:

  • Participants completed 12 and 24 trials of a 5-element motor sequencing task.
  • Performance was assessed after practice to identify offline gains.

Main Results:

  • Practice-dependent improvements were observed after both 12 and 24 trials.
  • Offline gains after 12 trials were linked to the formation of motor chunks.
  • Offline gains after 24 trials did not show further structural changes beyond chunking.

Conclusions:

  • Additional memory operations beyond basic sequence amalgamation are subject to enhancement consolidation.
  • The extent of practice influences the nature of offline gains in motor skill learning.