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Related Concept Videos

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Establishment of Proliferative Tetraploid Cells from Nontransformed Human Fibroblasts
10:04

Establishment of Proliferative Tetraploid Cells from Nontransformed Human Fibroblasts

Published on: January 8, 2017

Replication-compromised cells require the mitotic checkpoint to prevent tetraploidization.

Zilai Zhang1, Sumit Arora, Yanjiao Zhou

  • 1Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Edwards Building, Room R270, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA.

Chromosoma
|September 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Replication stress can cause chromosome instability. This study shows that compromised DNA replication in cells expressing mutant polymerase alpha (Polα) leads to tetraploidy, while mutant polymerase delta (Polδ) does not.

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
08:33

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Published on: December 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Replication stress is a known inducer of chromosome instability.
  • Understanding factors that lead to abnormal chromosome ploidy is crucial for cell cycle regulation research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which replication-compromised cells acquire abnormal chromosome ploidy.
  • To determine the role of specific DNA polymerases in maintaining genomic stability during replication stress.

Main Methods:

  • Expression of mutant forms of polymerase alpha (Polα) and polymerase delta (Polδ) in human fibroblasts to induce replication stress.
  • Analysis of cell cycle progression, mitotic arrest, DNA content (ploidy), and expression of key cell cycle regulators (Mad2, BubR1, cyclin B1).
  • Assessment of cellular senescence markers.

Main Results:

  • Mutant Polα expression led to failure in mitotic arrest, downregulation of Mad2 and BubR1, accumulation of 4N-DNA, and subsequent tetraploidization.
  • Polα mutant cells also showed increased cellular senescence.
  • Mutant Polδ expression caused 4N-DNA accumulation but maintained mitotic arrest and normal ploidy due to sufficient Mad2, BubR1, and cyclin B1 levels.

Conclusions:

  • Replication-compromised cells rely on the mitotic checkpoint to prevent mitotic slippage and subsequent tetraploidization.
  • Differential roles of Polα and Polδ in maintaining genomic stability under replication stress were elucidated.