Population genetic structure and history of a generalist parasite infecting multiple sympatric host species

Host specificity is predicted to shape patterns of parasite gene flow between host species; specialist parasites should have low gene flow between host species, while generalists are predicted to have high gene flow between species. However, even for generalist parasites external forces, including ecological differences between host species may sometimes intervene to limit gene flow and create genetic structure. To investigate the potential for cryptic parasite genetic structure to arise under such circumstances, we examined the population genetic structure and history of the generalist nematode, Trichostrongylus axei, infecting six sympatric wild ungulate species in North America. Using genotypes for 186 T. axei larvae at two mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad4, we found that T. axei was completely panmictic across host species, with 0% of genetic variation structured between host species and 97% within individual hosts. In addition, T. axei showed no evidence of recent genetic bottlenecks, had high nucleotide diversities (above 2%), and an effective population size estimated to be in the tens of millions. Our result that T. axei maintains high rates of gene flow between multiple sympatric host species adds to a growing body of information on trichostrongylid population genetic structure in different ecological contexts. Furthermore, the high rates of gene flow, coupled with high levels of genetic diversity and large effective population size which we observed in T. axei, point to a potentially broad capacity for rapid evolutionary change in this parasite.