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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

GEMINI spectrograph optics.

I Powell

    Applied Optics
    |September 11, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This paper details the optical system for a spectrograph instrument designed for the General Excitation Mechanisms in Nightglow project. The high-throughput instrument achieves excellent spectral and spatial resolution for nightglow observations.

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    Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures
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    Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

    Published on: November 21, 2019

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    Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
    12:14

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

    Published on: August 12, 2013

    Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures
    08:01

    Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

    Published on: November 21, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Astronomy and Astrophysics
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Nightglow emissions provide insights into atmospheric processes.
    • High-resolution spectrographs are crucial for analyzing faint celestial light.
    • Previous instruments may have limitations in throughput or spectral coverage.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the optical system design of a novel spectrograph.
    • To ensure high throughput and adequate spectral/spatial resolution for nightglow studies.
    • To support the General Excitation Mechanisms in Nightglow project.

    Main Methods:

    • Optical system design principles applied to spectrograph construction.
    • Selection of components to achieve a numerical aperture of ƒ/1.7.
    • Integration with a two-dimensional intensified CCD array detector.

    Main Results:

    • A spectrograph instrument with a numerical aperture equivalent to ƒ/1.7.
    • Coverage of the ultraviolet spectral range from 255 to 327.5 nm.
    • Imaging capability for a 3-degree field of view with high resolution.

    Conclusions:

    • The designed spectrograph meets the demanding requirements for nightglow research.
    • The optical system facilitates detailed analysis of atmospheric excitation mechanisms.
    • The instrument is poised to advance the goals of the General Excitation Mechanisms in Nightglow project.