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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms
08:48

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

Storage capacity and cross talk in angularly multiplexed holograms: two case studies.

K Rastani

    Applied Optics
    |September 11, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study simulates holographic data storage, achieving 26 Gbits using Fe:LiNbO3 and 3.3 Gbits with dichromated gelatin. The research explores storage capacity based on hologram multiplexing and material properties.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical data storage
    • Holographic storage systems
    • Materials science for data storage

    Background:

    • Holographic data storage offers high density by multiplexing holograms within a medium.
    • Key performance metrics include storage capacity, diffraction efficiency, and cross-talk limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To derive and simulate the storage capacity of holographic media.
    • To analyze the impact of material properties and multiplexing on storage performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Simulation of an erasable Fe:LiNbO3 medium (10 mm × 1 mm × 2 mm).
    • Analysis of a non-erasable dichromated gelatin medium (10 mm × 10 mm × 0.025 mm).
    • Calculation of storage capacity based on space-bandwidth products, diffraction efficiency, and cross-talk.

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    Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

    Published on: January 14, 2020

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

    Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms
    08:48

    Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

    Published on: September 25, 2020

    Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
    09:43

    Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

    Published on: March 20, 2017

    Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display
    09:04

    Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

    Published on: January 14, 2020

    Main Results:

    • Fe:LiNbO3 yielded ~26 Gbits for 95 holograms with ~10(-4) efficiency and -31 dB cross talk.
    • Dichromated gelatin yielded ~3.3 Gbits for 11 holograms with 0.09 efficiency and -25 dB cross talk.
    • Recording time for Fe:LiNbO3 estimated at 0.7 s.

    Conclusions:

    • Holographic storage capacity is significantly influenced by the chosen storage medium and multiplexing strategy.
    • Fe:LiNbO3 demonstrates potential for high-capacity erasable holographic data storage.
    • Dichromated gelatin offers a viable, albeit lower capacity, non-erasable storage solution.