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Related Concept Videos

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization01:04

IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization

Electron delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons across multiple atoms within a molecule rather than being confined to a single atom or bond. This phenomenon is common in systems with conjugated bonds—structures where alternating single and double bonds allow π-electrons to move freely across the network. The movement of electrons stabilizes the molecule and can affect various chemical properties, including vibrational frequencies observed in IR spectroscopy.
In IR spectroscopy,...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds00:55

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds

When infrared radiation is passed through a molecule, absorption occurs if the molecule's vibration leads to a substantial change in its bond dipole moment. Transitions between vibrational energy levels, typically corresponding to infrared frequencies (4000–400 cm−1), allow absorption if the vibration significantly alters the dipole moment, making the molecule infrared active. The molecular bonds have different stretching and bending vibrations, resulting in various peaks with varying...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier
10:17

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Published on: July 12, 2017

Mid-IR absorption in AgGaSe(2) optical parametric oscillator crystals.

G C Catella, L R Shiozawa, J R Hietanen

    Applied Optics
    |September 11, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Mid-infrared absorption in silver gallium selenide (AgGaSe2) crystals hinders optical parametric oscillator (OPO) power scaling. Optimizing crystal growth and annealing can significantly reduce this absorption, potentially enabling 10 W OPO output.

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    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
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    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

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    Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

    20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier
    10:17

    20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

    Published on: July 12, 2017

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Solid-state physics
    • Nonlinear optics
    • Crystal growth

    Background:

    • Mid-infrared (mid-IR) absorption in AgGaSe2 crystals limits the performance of 2-µm-pumped optical parametric oscillators (OPOs).
    • Stoichiometry-dependent absorption is a critical factor affecting material quality and device efficiency.
    • Understanding and mitigating this absorption is crucial for advancing OPO technology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the spectral, thermal, and orientational characteristics of mid-IR absorption in AgGaSe2.
    • To identify the relationship between stoichiometry and mid-IR absorption.
    • To explore methods for reducing mid-IR absorption for improved OPO performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental characterization of AgGaSe2 crystals focusing on spectral, thermal, and orientational properties.
    • Analysis of stoichiometry-dependent mid-IR absorption.
    • Preliminary investigations into crystal growth and annealing process optimization.

    Main Results:

    • New experimental data reveal the characteristics of stoichiometry-dependent mid-IR absorption in AgGaSe2.
    • This absorption is identified as a primary obstacle to power scaling in 2-µm-pumped AgGaSe2 OPOs.
    • Preliminary results suggest significant reduction of absorption is possible through process optimization.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimization of crystal growth and annealing parameters can substantially reduce mid-IR absorption in AgGaSe2.
    • Achieving optimized material could enable AgGaSe2 OPOs with output powers approaching 10 W.
    • This research paves the way for higher-power mid-IR sources based on AgGaSe2.