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Silicon lithium niobate electro-optic waveguide modulator structures in the parallel-plate configuration.

H Robinson, C W Pitt, R A Gibson

    Applied Optics
    |September 11, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Silicon electrodes in waveguide modulators offer lower optical losses than metal ones. Optimizing these devices requires balancing bandwidth and signal loss for integrated silicon photonics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science
    • Integrated Circuits

    Background:

    • Waveguide modulators are crucial components in optical communication systems.
    • Traditional metal electrodes in modulators suffer from significant optical losses due to surface plasmons.
    • Silicon-based electrodes present a potential alternative to mitigate these losses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate waveguide modulators with parallel-plate electrodes using computer modeling.
    • To compare optical losses and bandwidth limitations of metal versus silicon electrodes.
    • To explore the fabrication and performance of devices integrating silicon and lithium niobate.

    Main Methods:

    • Computer modeling of waveguide modulators with different electrode materials (metal vs. silicon).

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  • Analysis of optical loss mechanisms, including surface plasmons and resistive losses.
  • Fabrication of devices using silicon-on-sapphire substrates, lithium niobate films, and hydrogenated amorphous silicon electrodes.
  • Characterization of electrode resistivity, optical absorption, and electro-optic coefficients.

    • Main Results:

    • Metal electrodes exhibit high optical losses due to surface plasmons, while silicon electrodes show lower losses.
    • Device bandwidth is constrained by electrode resistivity and proximity, with silicon doping impacting conductivity and absorption.
    • Fabricated lithium niobate films possess approximately 50% of the bulk electro-optic coefficient.
    • A trade-off exists between achievable bandwidth and optical loss in device optimization.

    Conclusions:

    • Silicon electrodes are a promising alternative to metal electrodes for reducing optical losses in waveguide modulators.
    • Device performance is governed by a balance between electrical conductivity, optical absorption, and electrode geometry.
    • The integration of silicon integrated circuits with waveguide modulators on a common substrate is feasible using these fabricated devices.