Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis01:25

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis01:23

Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis

Bacterial cell walls are typically rigid structures composed mainly of peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that provides mechanical strength and maintains cell shape. The synthesis of peptidoglycan is a crucial process in bacterial growth and serves as a primary target for many antibiotics.Mechanism of Action of Beta-Lactam AntibioticsBeta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in actively growing cells. These antibiotics share a characteristic four-membered...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nutrient-driven small-colony variants as an adaptive outcome in Carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.

Current research in microbial sciences·2026
Same author

Impact of cefiderocol on Klebsiella pneumoniae: A population-based longitudinal analysis of phenotypic and genotypic responses at subinhibitory and inhibitory concentrations.

International journal of antimicrobial agents·2026
Same author

Human serum albumin and biological fluids reduce cefiderocol activity in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria.

International journal of antimicrobial agents·2026
Same author

Vitamin B12 promotes cefiderocol resistance and small-colony variants in carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.

mBio·2026
Same author

Bridge Nucleic Acid/DNA Gapmers as Potential Inhibitors of Bacterial Gene Expression by Multiple Antisense Mechanisms: An In Vitro Study.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Genomic insights of two Acinetobacter non-baumannii strains with uncommon mechanisms of resistance leading to cefiderocol resistance.

Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases·2025
Same journal

Perioperative tislelizumab for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: A phase II trial with integrated tumour microenvironment profiling and predictive modeling.

Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy·2026
Same journal

Tailored HER2 ECD mRNA-LNP vaccines boost CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell-mediated antitumor immunity for HER2-positive tumor suppression.

Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy·2026
Same journal

Hsa_circ_0003258 drives serine biosynthesis and docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer by enhancing IGF2BP3-mediated PSAT1 mRNA stability.

Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy·2026
Same journal

NHE6-driven endosome-autophagy axis confers proteasome inhibitor resistance in multiple myeloma.

Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy·2026
Same journal

Autophagy in thyroid cancer: Immune suppression and drug resistance.

Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy·2026
Same journal

Lactate-driven H3K18 lactylation promotes cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer via HNRNPF-Parkin mediated mitophagy.

Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
12:07

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

Published on: November 22, 2014

Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes.

Maria S Ramirez1, Marcelo E Tolmasky

  • 1Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA.

Drug Resistance Updates : Reviews and Commentaries in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Chemotherapy
|September 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics is a growing problem, often caused by modifying enzymes. New strategies focus on developing inhibitors to overcome this enzymatic resistance and preserve antibiotic effectiveness.

More Related Videos

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform
10:49

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

Published on: October 17, 2019

Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Selective Pressure Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids
11:56

Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Selective Pressure Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids

Published on: May 4, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
12:07

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

Published on: November 22, 2014

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform
10:49

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

Published on: October 17, 2019

Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Selective Pressure Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids
11:56

Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Selective Pressure Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids

Published on: May 4, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Aminoglycosides are crucial for treating severe infections.
  • Bacterial resistance, particularly enzymatic modification, significantly reduces aminoglycoside efficacy.
  • Enzymatic resistance mechanisms are widespread across bacterial species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance.
  • To discuss strategies for overcoming enzymatic resistance.
  • To highlight the importance of preserving aminoglycoside antibiotic utility.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of enzymatic modification pathways.
  • Evaluation of current strategies to combat resistance.

Main Results:

  • Enzymatic modification by nucleotidyltransferases, phosphotransferases, and acetyltransferases is the most common resistance mechanism.
  • Numerous aminoglycoside modifying enzymes and their genetic locations have been identified.
  • Bacteria exhibit a high capacity for developing enzymatic resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Developing inhibitors of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes or their expression is a key strategy.
  • These approaches aim to extend the clinical usefulness of existing aminoglycoside antibiotics.
  • Overcoming enzymatic resistance is vital for combating life-threatening infections.