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Related Concept Videos

Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding events provide an effective stimulus.
Integrins01:10

Integrins

Animal and protozoan cells do not have cell walls to help maintain shape and provide structural stability. Instead, these eukaryotic cells secrete a sticky mass of carbohydrates and proteins into the spaces between adjacent cells. This network of proteins and molecules is called an extracellular matrix or ECM.
Some ECM proteins assemble into a basement membrane to which the remaining components adhere. Proteoglycans typically form the bulk of the ECM while fibrous proteins, like collagen,...
Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes
09:14

Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes

Published on: June 13, 2014

Integrin activation in the immune system.

Carlo Laudanna1, Matteo Bolomini-Vittori1

  • 1Department of Pathology, The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Systems Biology and Medicine
|September 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Leukocyte integrin activation controls cell adhesion during immune responses. Systems biology and network theory can help understand the complex signaling networks regulating this process for specific immune cell recruitment.

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Published on: December 24, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Leukocyte adhesiveness is crucial for immune responses, primarily regulated by integrin activation.
  • Integrin activation involves conformational changes and lateral mobility, enhancing leukocyte avidity.
  • Inside-out signaling, triggered by various stimuli and mechanochemical forces, controls integrin activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complexity of intracellular signaling networks governing leukocyte integrin activation.
  • To understand the regulation and specificity of integrin activation in leukocytes.
  • To apply systems biology and network theory to leukocyte recruitment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of signaling mechanisms controlling integrin activation.
  • Application of modular abstraction and network theory principles.
  • Analysis of intracellular signaling networks in leukocytes.

Main Results:

  • Integrin activation exhibits distinct modalities (affinity and valency changes) for enhanced adhesion.
  • Complex signaling networks provide robustness and fine-tuning of integrin activation.
  • Pro-adhesive signaling networks may be organized into regulatory modules (signalosomes).

Conclusions:

  • Understanding leukocyte integrin activation requires analyzing complex, integrated signaling networks.
  • Modular organization of signaling pathways is key to specificity and dynamics.
  • Systems biology approaches are essential for deciphering leukocyte recruitment logic.