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Neuromarkers and unconventional biological fluids
Diego Gazzolo1, Raul Abella, Alessandro Frigiola
1Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, C. Arrigo Children's Hospital, Spalto Marengo 46, Alessandria, Italy. dgazzolo@hotmail.com
Summary
Human milk contains Activin A, S100B protein, and Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1/HSP32) which can serve as biomarkers for brain and multiorgan development. These markers offer noninvasive insights crucial for perinatal medicine and neonatal care.
Area of Science:
- Biomarker discovery
- Perinatal medicine
- Neonatal development
Background:
- Biomarkers are increasingly used for assessing organ damage and trophic factors.
- Activin A, S100B protein, and Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1/HSP32) are potential markers for brain/multiorgan function.
- Noninvasive techniques are vital in perinatal medicine due to minimal handling strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent data on Activin A, S100B protein, and HO-1/HSP32 in human milk.
- To evaluate their utility as markers of brain/multiorgan development.
- To explore their application in perinatal medicine.
Main Methods:
- Mini-review of existing literature.
- Analysis of data on Activin A, S100B protein, and HO-1/HSP32 in human milk.
- Focus on studies relevant to fetal/neonatal development.
Main Results:
- Activin A, S100B protein, and HO-1/HSP32 are present in human milk.
- These proteins show potential as markers for brain and multiorgan development.
- Human milk serves as a valuable source for these biomarkers.
Conclusions:
- Activin A, S100B protein, and HO-1/HSP32 in human milk are promising biomarkers for perinatal medicine.
- These markers can aid in investigating fetal and neonatal development.
- Human milk analysis offers a noninvasive approach for assessing neonatal health.
