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Related Concept Videos

Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
Components of...
Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...

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Bioinformatics Resources for the Study of Glycan-Mediated Protein Interactions
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Glyconanoparticles polyvalent tools to study carbohydrate-based interactions.

Marco Marradi1, Manuel Martín-Lomas, Soledad Penadés

  • 1Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE/CIBER-BBN, San Sebastian, Spain.

Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry
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Glyconanoparticles, carbohydrate-functionalized nanomaterials, show promise in glycoscience and nanomedicine. Their versatile design allows for tailored interactions and applications by modifying core materials and surface properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Material Science

Background:

  • Glyconanoparticles are biofunctional nanostructures combining material science, nanotechnology, and carbohydrate chemical biology.
  • First defined in 2001, they involve covalent linkage of thiol-equipped neoglycoconjugates to gold nanoparticles, creating multivalent systems.
  • These systems mimic natural carbohydrate displays and are valuable for studying carbohydrate interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the construction, characterization, and applications of carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticles.
  • To discuss the potential of glyconanoparticles in glycoscience and glycotechnology.
  • To explore their use in nanomedicine and as tools for biological process interference.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on glyconanoparticle synthesis and characterization.
  • Analysis of applications in interaction studies and biological interference.
  • Discussion of material diversity and surface engineering for tailored properties.

Main Results:

  • Glyconanoparticles serve as multivalent systems for studying carbohydrate interactions.
  • They can interfere with biological processes involving carbohydrates.
  • Diverse core materials allow for tunable optical, electronic, mechanical, and magnetic properties.

Conclusions:

  • Glyconanoparticles offer significant potential in glycoscience and glycotechnology.
  • Their adaptable nature enables the development of novel nanomedicine applications.
  • Engineering surface multivalence and multifunctionality is key to expanding their utility.