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Related Concept Videos

Gastric Phase of Digestion01:26

Gastric Phase of Digestion

The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
When food enters the stomach, it stretches the stomach walls and activates stretch receptors. This triggers local reflexes of the enteric nervous system, mediated through the myenteric plexus. These...
Hormones Secreted by the Stomach01:25

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:
Gastric Emptying01:16

Gastric Emptying

Gastric emptying occurs when the stomach gradually releases chyme into the duodenum. When the stomach is distended, it triggers the release of gastrin, a hormone that promotes gastric acid secretion to aid in digestion. Additionally, stomach distension contributes to peristaltic waves that propel gastric contents toward the pyloric region. The gastroenteric reflex, on the other hand, primarily stimulates peristalsis in the intestines, facilitating the movement of contents further along the...
Intestinal Phase of Digestion01:29

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach01:25

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
07:00

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Gastric secretion.

Mitchell L Schubert

    Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
    |September 15, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This review details the complex regulation of gastric acid secretion, highlighting neural, hormonal, and paracrine pathways. Understanding these mechanisms is key to managing acid-related disorders.

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    Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.
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    Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

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    Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells
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    Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

    Published on: April 20, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology and Physiology
    • Cell Biology and Molecular Mechanisms
    • Neuroendocrinology

    Background:

    • Gastric acid secretion is a complex physiological process regulated by multiple integrated pathways.
    • Neural, hormonal, and paracrine signaling coordinate gastric function.
    • Cellular mechanisms involve precise ion transport across parietal cells.

    Discussion:

    • The review synthesizes recent literature on gastric acid regulation.
    • It examines the roles of various stimuli including neural, chemical, and mechanical factors.
    • The cellular machinery for hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion is detailed, including key ion transporters.

    Key Insights:

    • Proton pump inhibitors can lead to hypergastrinemia and cell hyperplasia.
    • Rebound acid secretion is a clinical consequence of inhibiting the H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+-ATPase).
    • Dyspeptic and gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms can be exacerbated.

    Outlook:

    • Continued research promises improved therapeutic strategies for acid-related disorders.
    • Enhanced understanding will aid in managing conditions of both excess and insufficient acid secretion.
    • Further investigation into regulatory pathways may reveal novel treatment targets.