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Related Concept Videos

Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
Types of Semiconductors01:20

Types of Semiconductors

Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation
09:09

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation

Published on: February 5, 2020

Holey silicon as an efficient thermoelectric material.

Jinyao Tang1, Hung-Ta Wang, Dong Hyun Lee

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Nano Letters
|September 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study explored thermoelectric properties of "holey silicon" (HS) membranes. Scalable fabrication methods achieved a significant reduction in thermal conductivity, approaching amorphous limits for enhanced thermoelectric performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Silicon's thermoelectric properties are crucial for energy harvesting.
  • Improving silicon's thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) is a key research challenge.
  • Nanostructuring offers a pathway to enhance thermoelectric performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the thermoelectric properties of silicon membranes with high density of nanoscopic holes.
  • To explore scalable fabrication techniques for nanostructured silicon.
  • To assess the potential of "holey silicon" (HS) for thermoelectric applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of "holey silicon" (HS) structures using nanosphere and block-copolymer lithography.
  • Tuning the pitch of hexagonal holey patterns down to 55 nm with 35% porosity.
  • Measurement of thermoelectric properties, including thermal conductivity and ZT value.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a reduction in thermal conductivity by 2 orders of magnitude, approaching the amorphous limit.
  • Demonstrated a thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of approximately 0.4 at room temperature.
  • HS structures exhibit thermoelectric performance comparable to silicon nanowires.

Conclusions:

  • Scalable fabrication of HS structures is feasible for practical device applications.
  • Nanoscopic hole decoration significantly enhances the thermoelectric performance of silicon.
  • HS represents a promising material system for advanced thermoelectric devices.